Methods for improving angled line feature accuracy and throughput using electron beam lithography and electron beam lithography system

ABSTRACT

Methods to reduce the write time for forming mask patterns having angled and non-angled features using electron beam lithography are disclosed. In one exemplary embodiment, non-angled features of the mask pattern are formed by exposure to an electron beam. The orientation of the substrate and a path of the generally rectangular-shaped shot from the electron beam may be relatively altered such that the substrate is exposed to the electron beam to form the angled features as if they were non-angled features. In another exemplary embodiment, the electron beam lithography system determines whether it is necessary to relatively alter the orientation of the substrate and a path of the generally rectangular-shaped shot from the electron beam to form the angled features based on the number of angled features and the time required for relatively altering the orientation. Electron beam lithography systems employing a rotatable stage, rotatable apertures, or both, are also disclosed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the processing of substrates such assemiconductor wafers using electron beam lithography. More specifically,the present invention relates to methods for forming a mask pattern on aresist using electron beam lithography such that write time is reduced.

2. State of the Art

Semiconductor devices including integrated circuitry, such as memorydice, are mass produced by fabricating hundreds or even thousands ofcircuit patterns on a single semiconductor wafer or other bulksemiconductor substrate using lithographic processing in combinationwith various other processes. In order to increase the number of memorycells on semiconductor memory devices for a given surface area, it isimportant to accurately control the resolution of the images producedduring lithography. These images are used to define structural featureson a semiconductor substrate in fabricating the integrated circuitry ofsuch semiconductor memory devices.

Photolithography is a process in which a pattern is delineated in alayer of material, such as a photoresist, sensitive to photons. Inphotolithography, an object containing a pattern (e.g., reticle or mask)is exposed to incident light. The image from the reticle or mask isprojected onto a photoresist that covers a semiconductor wafer or othersubstrate. The photolithographic process typically involves exposing anddeveloping the photoresist multiple times. At a given step, thephotoresist is selectively exposed to photons and then developed toremove one of either the exposed or unexposed portions of photoresist,depending on whether a positive or negative photoresist is employed.Complex patterns typically require multiple exposure and developmentsteps.

Currently, conventional photolithography using light is only capable ofproducing structural features of about 100 nm in minimum dimension. Thisinadequacy limits the ability of a manufacturer to produce extremelysmall structural features for integrated circuits through conventionalphotolithography processes. A capability to further reduce thedimensions of structural feature size is particularly important to thefabrication of semiconductor memory devices to enable an increase in thenumber of memory cells on such semiconductor memory devices of a givensize.

In order to produce structural features smaller than the capability ofphotolithography, electron beam lithography (EBL) has been developed.EBL produces a desired pattern on a resist by irradiating a resistsensitive to electrons with an appropriate amount of electrons onspecific portions of the resist. In a typical variable-shaped vectorscan EBL process, the electron beam emitter is positioned over onlyspecific sites of the resist and the resist is exposed to a shaped beamof electrons, called a shot. Positioning is accomplished by acombination of movement of the substrate stage in the X-Y direction inthe plane of the substrate, and/or movement of the electron beam. Thus,the pattern data used by the EBL system must be provided withinformation that includes both the dose of electrons and the position ofeach site on the resist to be exposed for each shot.

The typical variable-shaped vector scan EBL process decomposes a patterninto rectangular-shaped or 45° angle triangular-shaped “primitives.” Therectangles are aligned along the X-Y axes in the plane of the substratedefining the vector scan. The 45° angle triangular-shaped primitives areonly capable of exposing features positioned at a 45° angle withoutusing an excessive number of shots. The electron beam from the EBLsystem is capable of exposing a primitive in a single shot. As shown inFIGS. 1A and 1B, for a typical vector scan, a substantial portion of thepattern is made up of triangles approximated by various sizes ofrectangles, while only a small portion of the pattern is made up of truerectangles. Because the write time is proportional to the number ofshots, this use of small rectangles to approximate triangles requires agreat number of shots and takes up to 90% of the exposure time.Furthermore, it results in loss of fidelity of the mask pattern producedon the resist as shown by the stepped edges in the triangular regions inFIGS. 1A and 1B.

Due to the long exposure times that are inherent in using smallrectangles to approximate triangles, cell projected EBL may be used. Incell projected EBL, a variable-shaped electron beam, typically havingthe shape of the desired cell pattern or the shapes at various angles,is used to produce these non-rectangular shapes. The variable shape isproduced by passing the electron beam through an aperture having thedesired shape. When a variable-shaped beam is used, the pattern dataused by the EBL system includes the dose of electrons, location, size,and shape for each shot. Although cell projected EBL reduces the writetime required to expose a pattern, the total throughput is stillundesirably too long. Also, it is difficult to prepare enoughnon-rectangular-shaped apertures to accommodate the multitude ofpatterns an integrated circuit designer may desire to use. Furthermore,using multiple apertures of varying shapes causes difficulties in thebeam alignment and calibration of the EBL system. Examples of apparatusand methods for variable-shaped EBL are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,516to Kawakami; U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,863 to Babin, et al.; U.S. Pat. No.6,259,106 to Boegli, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,410 to Matsuki, et al.;and U.S. Pat. No. 4,532,598 to Shibayama, et al.; each of thedisclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference for all thatthey disclose.

The problem with write time is exacerbated by the new generation ofintegrated circuit designs that use “angled line” features, as shown byFIG. 2. In FIG. 2, the exposed regions 202 (dark) are the resist regionsthat have been exposed to the shots of an electron beam from an EBLsystem. The exposed regions 202 are made up of individual shots ofprimitive rectangles 206, which form the angled features on the resist.The exposed regions 202, otherwise known as the angled line features,are formed by using multiple stepped, or partially offset, rectangularshots. The exposed regions 202 exhibit a loss of fidelity as shown bythe stepped edges 208 that form the angled features. The loss offidelity in the mask pattern is an artifact of the processing becausethe exposed region 202 would, ideally, exhibit smooth linear edges asrepresented by the design data for the integrated circuit layout. Thelighter regions are the unexposed regions of resist 204. In order toincrease the number of memory cells on semiconductor memory devices fora given surface area, integrated circuit designers lay out the featuresat a certain angle to maximize the use of the substrate surface area.However, this angled line layout makes it more expensive to generate thepattern on the resist because of the numerous non-rectangular shapesthat must be used to form the pattern, resulting in undesirably longwrite times and the great number of rectangular shots from the electronbeam required to form the angled features.

Accordingly, a need exists to develop a method for generating angledfeatures on resist using electron beam lithography wherein the writetime is reduced compared to conventional EBL methods. Another needexists for a method to modify conventional EBL systems such that themethod may be implemented by modification of a semiconductormanufacturer's existing equipment.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in a number of embodiments, includes electronbeam lithography (EBL) systems and methods to shorten the write timerequired to produce mask patterns on a resist having angled featuresusing EBL. The present invention may be used in EBL processing forfabrication of semiconductor devices, liquid crystal display (LCD)elements, thin-film magnetic heads, reticles, and for many otherapplications that require accurate mask pattern generation.

An exemplary EBL system is disclosed. The EBL system includes anelectron gun capable of emitting an electron beam and at least one lenslocated for the electron beam to pass therethrough. The EBL system alsoincludes a first aperture located for the electron beam to passtherethrough and at least one deflector for deflecting the electron beamthrough a second aperture to define a generally rectangular shape for anelectron beam shot therethrough. A projection lens receives the electronbeam from the second aperture to project the electron beam onto asubstrate held by a movable stage. In an exemplary embodiment, themovable stage, the two apertures in combination, or both, may berotatable with respect to one another and the position thereofaccurately determined by a controller.

An exemplary embodiment for forming a mask pattern on a resist is alsodisclosed. The mask pattern to be formed includes at least onenon-angled feature and at least one angled feature oriented at apredetermined angle relative to the non-angled feature. A substrate,such as a semiconductor wafer or a glass-based material, having a resistdisposed thereon and located to receive an electron beam, is provided.The resist is then exposed using at least one generallyrectangular-shaped shot from an electron beam to form at least onenon-angled feature. A rotational orientation of the substrate and thegenerally rectangular shape of the electron beam shot may be relativelyaltered with respect to each other by the predetermined angle. Then, theresist is again exposed to at least one additional generallyrectangular-shaped shot from the electron beam to form at least oneangled feature, the angled feature having at least one linear,peripheral edge oriented at the predetermined angle relative to thenon-angled feature. Thus, the angled features are exposed as if theywere non-angled features using only generally rectangular-shapedelectron beam shots. This reduces the total write time for forming themask pattern and produces a mask pattern wherein the angled andnon-angled features exhibit smooth edges.

Another exemplary embodiment for forming a mask pattern on a resist isdisclosed. The mask pattern to be formed includes at least onenon-angled feature and at least one angled feature oriented at apredetermined angle relative to the non-angled feature. A substrate,such as a semiconductor wafer or a glass-based material, having a resistdisposed thereon and located to receive an electron beam is provided. Analgorithm is used to determine whether the time required to form the atleast one angled feature using multiple stepped or offsetrectangular-shaped shots is greater than or less than the time requiredto relatively alter a rotational orientation of the substrate and thegenerally rectangular shape of the electron beam shot with respect toeach other by the predetermined angle and subsequently form the at leastone angled feature. The determination is based, in part, on the numberof angled features, the number of shots required to form the angledfeature, and the time required for relatively altering the rotationalorientation of the substrate and the generally rectangular shape of theelectron beam. If the time to alter the rotational orientation of thesubstrate and the generally rectangular shape of the electron beam shotrelative to each other by the predetermined angle, plus form the angledfeatures is greater, the mask pattern is formed by exposing the at leastone angled feature and the at least one non-angled feature, withoutrelatively altering the orientation of the substrate and the generallyrectangular shape of the electron beam shot, using generallyrectangular-shaped shots from an electron beam. If the algorithmdetermines that it is more time efficient, the at least one non-angledfeature is exposed using at least one generally rectangular-shaped shotfrom an electron beam, followed by relatively altering a rotationalorientation of the substrate and the generally rectangular shape of theelectron beam shot with respect to each other by the predetermined angleand subsequent exposing of the at least one angled feature, using atleast one generally rectangular-shaped shot from an electron beam. Theabove exemplary embodiment enables optimization of the write time forforming mask patterns. If the substrate and the generally rectangularshape of the electron beam shot are reoriented with respect to eachother by the predetermined angle to form the angled features, the angledfeatures are exposed as if they were non-angled features, using onlygenerally rectangular-shaped electron beam shots. Furthermore, thisreduces the total write time for forming the mask pattern and produces amask pattern wherein the angled and non-angled features exhibit smoothedges.

These features, advantages, and alternative aspects of the presentinvention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from aconsideration of the following detailed description taken in combinationwith the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, which illustrate what is currently considered to be thebest mode for carrying out the invention:

FIGS. 1A and 1B are illustrations of the use of rectangular-shapedprimitives to form the triangular portions of a mask pattern usingconventional electron beam lithography. FIG. 1B is an enlarged depictionof the circled area of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2 illustrates a mask pattern having angled features processed usingelectron beam lithography.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate exemplary electron beam lithography systemsof the present invention that may be used to implement the methods ofthe present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a portion of a mask pattern of a simplifiedintegrated circuit layout containing angled and non-angled features.

FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates the angled features of a mask pattern formed by theelectron beam lithography method of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a process flow diagram of another exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in a number of embodiments, includes electronbeam lithography (EBL) systems and methods to shorten the write timerequired to produce mask patterns on a resist having angled featuresusing EBL. The present invention may be used in EBL processing forfabrication of semiconductor devices, liquid crystal display elements,thin-film magnetic heads, reticles, and for many other applications thatrequire accurate mask pattern generation. In the drawings, like numeralsdescribe substantially similar components throughout several views.

The present invention employs commercially available EBL systems thatare modified to include a stage rotatable about an axis perpendicular tothe stage, rotatable apertures, or both. For instance, commerciallyavailable variable-shaped electron beam, vector scan EBL systems, suchas the NuFlare Technology EBM4000 system and the JEOL JBX-9000 systemmay be modified to successfully practice the methods of the presentinvention.

FIG. 3A shows the configuration of an exemplary electron-beamlithography system 300 that may be used to practice the presentinvention. FIG. 3 discloses a processor 1, a magnetic disk 2, and amagnetic tape drive 3. These units are interconnected over a bus 4, andconnected to a data memory 6 and stage control circuit 7 via aninterface circuit 5 over the bus 4. A housing (column) 8 accommodates anelectron gun 9, a lens 10, a blanking electrode 11, a first aperture 30,a lens 12, a shaping deflector coil 13, a second aperture 32, asub-deflector coil 14, a lens 15, a main deflector coil 16, a stage 17,and a substrate 18. The first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32 maybe termed, collectively, an apparatus for defining a shape for theelectron beam shots from the electron gun 9 therethrough. The substrate18 is placed on the stage 17. The stage 17 may be moved in the X and Ydirections defining the plane of the stage 17 and rotated as shown byarrow R about a Z axis that is substantially perpendicular to thesurface of the stage 17 (illustrated by the X-Y-Z coordinate system inFIG. 3A) according to an output signal of the stage control circuit 7.The position of stage 17, whether translated in the plane of the stage17 or rotated about a Z axis perpendicular to the surface of the stage17, may be accurately determined by a laser interferometer 28. Laserinterferometer 28 may be in communication with the stage control circuit7, such that the positional information of the stage 17, as determinedby the laser interferometer 28, may be sent to the stage control circuit7.

Referring to FIG. 3B, another exemplary EBL system 300′ is illustratedwherein the first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32 comprise anapparatus that may be angularly rotated in combination as shown by arrowR about a Z axis that is coaxial with the electron beam. The rotation ofthe first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32 may be accuratelycontrolled by a rotation mechanism 31. The rotation mechanism 31 mayinclude an aperture support (not shown) that holds the first aperture 30and the second aperture 32 and a drive to initiate and control rotationthereof. The drive may include reduction gearing for extremely preciserotation over a selected arc. The aperture support may be fixed to thehousing 8. The first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32 are rotatedby the same angle such that the alignment of the apertures with respectto one another is not altered after the rotation thereof. The rotationalposition of the first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32 may bedetermined by a laser interferometer 28′ that communicates thepositional information to an aperture position control circuit 36. Thedrive may, alternatively, be a rotary stepper motor or include a rotaryencoder for accurate determination of the positional information of thefirst aperture 30 and the second aperture 32 to be communicated to theaperture position control circuit 36.

Data read from the data memory 6 is supplied to a pattern correctioncircuit 20 via a pattern generation circuit 19. The pattern correctioncircuit 20 applies a blanking signal to the blanking electrode 11 via anamplifier 21. Moreover, the pattern correction circuit 20 applies asignal to the coils 13, 14, and 16 via digital-to-analog converters(DAC) 22, 24, and 26, and amplifiers 23, 25, and 27.

Again, with continued reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B, the operation of EBLsystems 300 and 300′ are described. An electron beam emitted from theelectron gun 9 passes through the lens 10. The electron beam is thentransmitted or intercepted by the blanking electrode 11, and reshapedinto a rectangular beam of parallel rays having any spot size of, forexample, 3 μm or less by passing through a rectangular-shaped firstaperture 30. After passing through the first aperture 30, the shapingdeflector coil 13 deflects the electron beam having a generallyrectangular shape to overlap a portion of the second aperture 32 to forma smaller generally rectangular-shaped electron beam. This enablesforming a variable-shaped electron beam depending on the amount ofoverlap of the electron beam deflected by shaping deflector coil 13 andthe second aperture 32. Differently shaped or additional apertures maybe used in EBL system 300 and 300′ to produce an angled shape, such as a45° triangle, in addition to rectangular or square shapes. Thesub-deflector coil 14 and main deflector coil 16 deflect the electronbeam onto the specific portions of the substrate 18 desired to beexposed to the electron beam by use of the deflector coils and/or themovement of stage 17.

The electron beam is then converged on the surface of the substrate 18through the projection lens 15. Areas where shaping deflector coil 13,sub-deflector coil 14, and main deflector coil 16 can deflect the beamget larger in that order. Specifically, the area where the shapingdeflector coil 13 can deflect the beam is smaller than that where thesub-deflector coil 14 can. The area where the sub-deflector coil 14 candeflect the beam is smaller than area that the main deflector coil 16can. For ensuring a large area where the beam can be deflected, thenumber of windings of a coil must be increased accordingly. The responsespeeds of the coils get lower in reverse order. In other words, asettlement wait time required by the shaping deflector coil 13 is theshortest. Settlement wait times required by the sub-deflector coil 14and main deflector coil 16 get longer in that order. A more detailedexplanation is given by each of the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No.6,573,516 to Kawakami; U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,863 to Babin, et al.; U.S.Pat. No. 6,259,106 to Boegli, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,410 toMatsuki, et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,532,598 to Shibayama, et al.; thedisclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 4 illustrates a simplified portion 400 of a mask pattern to beformed on a resist disposed on a substrate having a first coordinatesystem defined by an X reference axis and a Y reference axis, and asecond coordinate system defined by an X′ reference axis and a Y′reference axis, wherein the two coordinate systems are oriented at anangle θ relative to each other. Portion 400 contains non-angled features402 shown, for clarity, with the X and the Y reference axes translatedonto it. Portion 400 also contains angled features 404 shown, forclarity, with the X′ and the Y′ reference axes translated onto it. Theangled features 404 are oriented by an angle θ relative to thenon-angled features 402. The non-angled features 402 and angled features404 may be comprised of primitive shapes such as rectangles 406. Theprimitive shapes, such as rectangles 406, which form the angled features404, do not exhibit a stepped or offset geometry as shown in FIG. 2 ofthe prior art. Instead, the sides of multiple rectangles 406 are abuttedto and aligned with adjacent rectangles 406 to form a larger contiguousangled feature 404. The rectangles 406 used to form the non-angledfeatures 402 each have an edge generally parallel to the X axis and anedge generally parallel to the Y axis. Similarly, the rectangles 406used to form the angled features 404 each have an edge generallyparallel to the X′ axis and an edge generally parallel to the Y′ axis.During EBL processing of a resist to form the mask pattern, which willbe discussed in more detail below, the non-angled features 402 and theangled features 404 are formed on a resist by exposing the resist toshots from the electron beam, wherein the shape, size, and orientationof the electron beam corresponds to the shape, size, and orientation ofeach rectangle 406 of the mask pattern.

An exemplary method that utilizes the EBL systems 300 or 300′ shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B is described with reference to FIG. 4 and the processflow diagram of FIG. 5. The design data for a particular integratedcircuit may be stored in a magnetic storage medium or other suitablestorage device that may be coupled to the processor that controls theEBL system 300 or 300′. Typically, the design data contains bothnon-angled features and angled features that comprise the electronicdevices or components of the integrated circuit. An EBL system 300 or300′ is provided with a movable stage 17 supporting a substrate 18 madefrom a semiconductor material such as a silicon wafer or a galliumarsenide wafer, or a glass material useful for forming a photomask orreticle. Substrate 18 includes a layer of resist material on the surfacethat may be exposed to the electron beam of the EBL system. Suitablepositive EBL resist materials include FEP-171, commercially availablefrom Fuji-Film Arch, PEK-130, commercially available from SumitomoChemical, and ZEP7000, commercially available from Zeon Corporation.Suitable negative EBL resists include FEN-270, commercially availablefrom Fuji-Film Arch, and NEB22, commercially available from SumitomoChemical.

In act 502, the design data may be converted to the machine languageused by the particular EBL system. If the design data containsnon-angled features, in act 504 the non-angled features 402 may beformed by exposing the resist to an electron beam shot-by-shot usinggenerally rectangular-shaped shots from the EBL system.

Following exposing of the non-angled features 402 in act 506, therotational orientations of the stage 17 supporting the substrate 18 andthe first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32, may be relativelyaltered with respect to each other by a predetermined angle. In anexemplary embodiment, the stage 17 supporting the substrate 18 may berotated by an angle θ about a Z axis that is perpendicular to thesurface of substrate 18 while the first aperture 30 and the secondaperture 32 remain stationary. In another exemplary embodiment, thefirst aperture 30 and the second aperture 32 may be rotated by an angleθ about a Z axis that is perpendicular to the surface of substrate 18while the substrate 18 remains stationary. The rotation of stage 17 maybe controlled by the laser interferometer 28 operably coupled to thestage control circuit 7 and the processor 1 to accurately control andmeasure the rotation of stage 17. If the first aperture 30 and thesecond aperture 32 are rotated, the rotation may be similarly controlledby the laser interferometer 28′ operably coupled to the apertureposition control circuit 36 to accurately control and measure theposition thereof, or a stepper motor or rotary encoder may be employed.In act 508, the angled features 404 may then be formed by exposing theresist to an electron beam shot-by-shot using generallyrectangular-shaped shots from the EBL system. Since the substrate 18 orthe first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32 have been rotated, theangled features 404 are exposed on the resist by the EBL system as ifthey were non-angled features.

Thus, the angled features 404 may be written out using only generallyrectangular-shaped shots. The shots may be larger and there are notriangular regions that must be composed of multiple rectangular shots.Therefore, the number of shots required to produce angled features ofthe mask pattern is reduced, resulting in a shorter write time.Furthermore, the multiple shots from the electron beam do not exhibit astepped, or offset, geometry. Instead, the sides of multiple rectangularshots are abutted to and aligned with the adjacent rectangular shots toform a larger contiguous angled feature 404 comprising the mask pattern.Due to the forming of a contiguous angled feature 404, the angledfeatures 404 do not exhibit the loss of fidelity that was so apparent inFIG. 2 of the prior art. Rather, the angled features 404 exhibitwell-defined, linear boundaries that make up their edges as shown inFIG. 6. If a negative resist is used, the unexposed regions of theresist may be removed leaving the desired mask on the substrate. If apositive resist is used, the exposed regions may be removed leaving thedesired mask on the substrate. Such developing of the resist may beperformed using standard techniques known in the art, such as subjectingthe resist to a solvent.

Referring to the process flow diagram of FIG. 7 in another exemplaryembodiment, the orientation of the stage 17 supporting the substrate 18and the first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32 may or may not berelatively rotated with respect to each other by a predetermined anglein order to minimize the write time of the mask pattern. In act 702, thedesign data may be converted to the machine language used by theparticular EBL system. The central processing unit of the computer thatcontrols the EBL system determines, using a programmed algorithm,whether the time required to expose the angled features 404 usingmultiple stepped rectangular shots (as shown in FIG. 2) is greater thanor less than the time required to rotate the stage 17 or the firstaperture 30 and the second aperture 32 by an angle θ and subsequentlyform the angled features 404. The determination may be based, in part,on the number of angled features, the number of shots required to formthe angled features, and the time required for rotating the stage 17 orthe first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32. If the EBL systemdetermines that the write time to form the mask pattern is shorter ifthe angled features 404 are exposed on the resist without rotating thestage 17 or the first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32, then thestage 17 or the first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32 are notrotated. In such a case, in act 703, the angled and non-angled featuresare formed by exposing the resist to an electron beam shot-by-shot usinggenerally rectangular-shaped shots from the EBL system without rotatingthe stage 17 or the first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32. Thus,the angled features are exposed using multiple stepped or offsetgenerally rectangular-shaped shots forming the angled features as shownin FIG. 2.

If the programmed algorithm determines that the stage 17 or the firstaperture 30 and the second aperture 32 must be rotated to minimize thewrite time for producing the particular mask pattern, in act 704, thenon-angled features 402 may be formed by exposing the resist to anelectron beam shot-by-shot using generally rectangular-shaped shots fromthe EBL system. In an exemplary embodiment, following exposing of thenon-angled features 402, in act 706, the stage 17 supporting thesubstrate 18 may be rotated by an angle θ about a Z axis that isperpendicular to the surface of substrate 18, while the first aperture30 and the second aperture 32 remain stationary. In another exemplaryembodiment, following exposing of the non-angled features 402, in act706, the first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32 may be rotated byan angle θ about a Z axis that is perpendicular to the surface ofsubstrate 18 while the substrate 18 remains stationary. Control of therotation angle is effected in the same manner as in the previousembodiment, using the laser interferometer 28 or 28′. In act 708, theangled features 404 may be exposed by the EBL system. Since thesubstrate 18 or the first aperture 30 and the second aperture 32 havebeen rotated, the angled features 404 are exposed by the EBL systemusing generally rectangular-shaped shots as if they were non-angledfeatures having all of the benefits of the previous embodiment, such as,reduced write time, and well defined, linear boundaries that make up theangled features 404 edges. If a negative resist is used, the unexposedregions of the resist may be removed leaving the desired mask on thesubstrate. If a positive resist is used, the exposed regions may beremoved leaving the desired mask on the substrate. Such developing ofthe resist may be performed using standard techniques known in the art,such as subjecting the resist to a solvent.

Although the foregoing description contains many specifics, these arenot to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention, butmerely as providing certain exemplary embodiments. Similarly, otherembodiments of the invention may be devised that do not depart from thespirit or scope of the present invention. The scope of the invention is,therefore, indicated and limited only by the appended claims and theirlegal equivalents, rather than by the foregoing description. Alladditions, deletions, and modifications to the invention, as disclosedherein, which fall within the meaning and scope of the claims, areencompassed by the present invention.

1. A method of forming a pattern on a resist comprising: providing asubstrate having a resist disposed thereon and located to receive anelectron beam; exposing the resist with at least one generallyrectangular-shaped shot from the electron beam to form a first feature;relatively altering a rotational orientation of the substrate and a pathof the generally rectangular-shaped shot with respect to each other by apredetermined angle; and exposing the resist with at least oneadditional generally rectangular-shaped shot from the electron beam toform a second feature with at least one linear, peripheral edgesubstantially oriented at the predetermined angle relative to the firstfeature.
 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising formingthe first feature using two or more generally rectangular-shaped shotsfrom the electron beam, wherein each generally rectangular-shaped shotis abutted to an adjacent generally rectangular-shaped shot to form alarger, substantially contiguous third feature.
 3. The method accordingto claim 2, further comprising forming the larger, continuous secondfeature using two or more generally rectangular-shaped shots from theelectron beam, wherein each generally rectangular-shaped shot is abuttedto an adjacent generally rectangular-shaped shot to form a larger,substantially contiguous fourth feature.
 4. The method according toclaim 1, further comprising developing the resist to form a mask on thesubstrate.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the relativelyaltering the rotational orientation of the substrate and the path of thegenerally rectangular-shaped shot is effected by rotating the substrateby the predetermined angle.
 6. The method according to claim 1, whereinthe relatively altering the rotational orientation of the substrate andthe path of the generally rectangular-shaped shot is effected byrotating an apparatus for defining the path of the generallyrectangular-shaped shot by the predetermined angle.
 7. The methodaccording to claim 1, further comprising selecting the substrate toinclude a semiconductor material.
 8. The method according to claim 1,further comprising selecting the substrate to include a glass material.9. A method of forming a pattern on a resist comprising: providing asubstrate having a resist disposed thereon and located to receive anelectron beam, the substrate having a reference coordinate systemdefined by a first coordinate system having an X axis perpendicular to aY axis and a second coordinate system having an X′ axis perpendicular toa Y′ axis, wherein the first coordinate system is oriented at apredetermined angle relative to the second coordinate system; exposingthe resist with at least one generally rectangular-shaped shot from theelectron beam to form at least one non-angled feature, wherein a firstedge of the at least one generally rectangular-shaped shot is generallyparallel to the X axis and a second edge of the at least one generallyrectangular-shaped shot is generally parallel to the Y axis; relativelyaltering a rotational orientation of the substrate and a path of thegenerally rectangular-shaped shot with respect to each other by apredetermined angle; and exposing the resist with at least oneadditional generally rectangular-shaped shot from the electron beam toform at least one angled feature, wherein a first edge of the at leastone additional generally rectangular-shaped shot is generally parallelto the X′ axis and a second edge of the at least one additionalgenerally rectangular-shaped shot is generally parallel to the Y′ axis.10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising forming the atleast one non-angled feature using two or more generallyrectangular-shaped shots from the electron beam, wherein each generallyrectangular-shaped shot is abutted to an adjacent generallyrectangular-shaped shot to form larger, substantially contiguousfeature.
 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprisingforming the at least one angled feature using two or more generallyrectangular-shaped shots from the electron beam, wherein each generallyrectangular-shaped shot is abutted to an adjacent generallyrectangular-shaped shot to form a larger, substantially contiguousfeature.
 12. The method according to claim 9, further comprisingdeveloping the resist to form a mask on the substrate.
 13. The methodaccording to claim 9, wherein the relatively altering the rotationalorientation of the substrate and the path of the generallyrectangular-shaped shot is effected by rotating the substrate by thepredetermined angle.
 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein therelatively altering the rotational orientation of the substrate and thepath of the generally rectangular-shaped shot is effected by rotating anapparatus for defining the path of the generally rectangular-shaped shotby the predetermined angle.
 15. The method according to claim 9, furthercomprising selecting the substrate to include a semiconductor material.16. The method according to claim 9, further comprising selecting thesubstrate to include a glass material.
 17. A method of forming a patternon a resist, the pattern including at least one non-angled feature andat least one angled feature substantially oriented at a predeterminedangle relative to the at least one non-angled feature, the methodcomprising: providing a substrate having a resist disposed thereon andlocated to receive an electron beam; and determining whether a firsttime required to form the at least one angled feature of the patternusing two or more stepped generally rectangular-shaped shots from theelectron beam is greater than or less than a second time required torelatively alter a rotational orientation of the substrate and a path ofthe generally rectangular-shaped shot with respect to each other by thepredetermined angle and subsequently form the at least one angledfeature using at least one generally rectangular-shaped shot from theelectron beam.
 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein upondetermining the first time to be less than the second time: forming theat least one non-angled feature using at least one generallyrectangular-shaped shot from the electron beam.
 19. The method accordingto claim 18, further comprising forming the at least one non-angledfeature using two or more generally rectangular-shaped shots from theelectron beam, wherein each generally rectangular-shaped shot is abuttedto an adjacent generally rectangular-shaped shot to form a larger,substantially contiguous feature.
 20. The method according to claim 18,further comprising forming the at least one angled feature on the resistusing the two or more stepped generally rectangular-shaped shots fromthe electron beam without rotating the substrate or an apparatus fordefining the path of the generally rectangular-shaped shot.
 21. Themethod according to claim 20, further comprising developing the resistto form a mask on the substrate.
 22. The method according to claim 17,wherein upon determining the first time to be greater than the secondtime: exposing the resist with at least one generally rectangular-shapedshot from the electron beam to form the at least one non-angled feature;relatively altering a rotational orientation of the substrate and thepath of the generally rectangular-shaped shot with respect to each otherby the predetermined angle; and exposing the resist with at least oneadditional generally rectangular-shaped shot from the electron beam toform the at least one angled feature.
 23. The method according to claim22, further comprising forming the at least one non-angled feature usingtwo or more generally rectangular-shaped shots from the electron beam,wherein each generally rectangular-shaped shot is abutted to an adjacentgenerally rectangular-shaped shot to form a larger, substantiallycontiguous feature.
 24. The method according to claim 23, furthercomprising forming the at least one angled feature using two or moregenerally rectangular-shaped shots from the electron beam, wherein eachgenerally rectangular-shaped shot is abutted to an adjacent generallyrectangular-shaped shot to form a larger, substantially contiguousfeature.
 25. The method according to claim 22, wherein the relativelyaltering the rotational orientation of the substrate and the path of thegenerally rectangular-shaped shot is effected by rotating the substrateby the predetermined angle.
 26. The method according to claim 22,wherein the relatively altering the rotational orientation of thesubstrate and the path of the generally rectangular-shaped shot iseffected by rotating an apparatus for defining the path of the generallyrectangular-shaped shot by the predetermined angle.
 27. The methodaccording to claim 22, further comprising developing the resist to forma mask on the substrate.
 28. The method according to claim 17, furthercomprising selecting the substrate to include a semiconductor material.29. The method according to claim 17, further comprising selecting thesubstrate to include a glass material.
 30. A method of forming a patternon a resist, the pattern including at least one non-angled feature andat least one angled feature substantially oriented at a predeterminedangle relative to the non-angled feature comprising: providing asubstrate having a resist disposed thereon and located to receive anelectron beam, the substrate having a reference coordinate systemdefined by a first coordinate system having an X axis perpendicular to aY axis and a second coordinate system having an X′ axis perpendicular toa Y′ axis, wherein the first coordinate system is oriented at apredetermined angle relative to the second coordinate system; anddetermining whether a first time required to form the at least oneangled feature of the pattern using two or more stepped generallyrectangular-shaped shots from the electron beam is greater than or lessthan a second time required to relatively alter a rotational orientationof the substrate and a path of the generally rectangular-shaped shotwith respect to each other by the predetermined angle and subsequentlyform the at least one angled feature using at least one generallyrectangular-shaped shot from the electron beam.
 31. The method accordingto claim 30, wherein upon determining the first time to be less than thesecond time: forming the at least one non-angled feature using at leastone generally rectangular-shaped shot from the electron beam.
 32. Themethod according to claim 31, further comprising forming the at leastone non-angled feature using two or more generally rectangular-shapedshots from the electron beam, wherein each generally rectangular-shapedshot is abutted to an adjacent generally rectangular-shaped shot to forma larger, substantially contiguous feature.
 33. The method according toclaim 31, further comprising forming the at least one angled feature onthe resist using the two or more stepped generally rectangular-shapedshots from the electron beam without rotating the substrate or anapparatus for defining the path of the generally rectangular-shapedshot.
 34. The method according to claim 32, further comprisingdeveloping the resist to form a mask on the substrate.
 35. The methodaccording to claim 30, wherein upon determining the first time to begreater than the second time: exposing the resist with at least onegenerally rectangular-shaped shot from the electron beam to form the atleast one non-angled feature, wherein a first edge of the at least onegenerally rectangular-shaped shot is generally parallel to the X axisand a second edge of the at least one generally rectangular-shaped shotis generally parallel to the Y axis; relatively altering a rotationalorientation of the substrate and the path of the generallyrectangular-shaped shot with respect to each other by the predeterminedangle; and exposing the resist with at least one additional generallyrectangular-shaped shot from the electron beam to form the at least oneangled feature, wherein a first edge of the at least one additionalgenerally rectangular-shaped shot is generally parallel to the X′ axisand a second edge of the at least one additional generallyrectangular-shaped shot is generally parallel to the Y′ axis.
 36. Themethod according to claim 35, further comprising forming the at leastone non-angled feature using two or more generally rectangular-shapedshots from the electron beam, wherein each generally rectangular-shapedshot is abutted to an adjacent generally rectangular-shaped shot to forma larger, substantially contiguous feature.
 37. The method according toclaim 36, further comprising forming the at least one angled featureusing two or more generally rectangular-shaped shots from the electronbeam, wherein each generally rectangular-shaped shot is abutted to anadjacent generally rectangular-shaped shot to form a larger,substantially contiguous feature.
 38. The method according to claim 35,wherein the relatively altering the rotational orientation of thesubstrate and the path of the generally rectangular-shaped shot iseffected by rotating the substrate by the predetermined angle.
 39. Themethod according to claim 35, wherein the relatively altering therotational orientation of the substrate and the path of the generallyrectangular-shaped shot is effected by rotating an apparatus fordefining the path of the generally rectangular-shaped shot by thepredetermined angle.
 40. The method according to claim 35, furthercomprising developing the resist to form a mask on the substrate. 41.The method according to claim 30, further comprising selecting thesubstrate to include a semiconductor material.
 42. The method accordingto claim 30, further comprising selecting the substrate to include aglass material.